Thursday, November 28, 2019

Qualification Handbook free essay sample

Level 3 and 4 Awards in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) (6302) October 2011 Version 1. 0 Qualification at a glance Subject area City Guilds number Age group approved Entry requirements Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector 6302 19+ There are no formal entry requirements. Learners are required to have evidence of level 3 vocational skills for the area in which they will teach if they are to progress into teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) This qualification is available at levels 3 and 4. Both levels are to be assessed by a combination of assignments (provided) and observation of teaching/training. Simulation (micro-teaching) is permitted for units 003 and 010. Available (see section 2 Centre requirements) Signature Signature Signature Signature 60 City Guilds Level 3 and 4 Awards in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) (6302) Form 2 Assessment front sheet and feedback record PTLLS Level 3/4 This form is mandatory Theory Assessment No: Learner name: Enrolment number: Date issued: Date submitted: I confirm that the evidence for this unit is authentic and a true representation of my own work. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualification Handbook or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Learner signature: Date: Feedback: Continue on a separate sheet if necessary, see overleaf Tutor/Assessor/Marker and IQA’s signatures (IQA if sampled) must be appear on the following page. City Guilds Level 3 and 4 Awards in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) (6302) 61 Feedback: (Continued from previous page) Marker/Tutor/Assessor name: Resubmission date (if referred): IQA’s name (if sampled) Grade Grade Date Date Date 62

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Major General Joseph Wheeler in the Civil War

Major General Joseph Wheeler in the Civil War Major General Joseph Wheeler was noted cavalry commander who served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War (1861-1865) and the US Army during the Spanish-American War (1898). A native of Georgia, he was largely raised in the North and attended West Point. Electing to side with the South during the Civil War, Wheeler gained notoriety as a cavalry commander with the Army of Tennessee. Serving in almost of its major campaigns, he became its senior cavalry officer. Winning a seat in Congress after the war, Wheeler volunteered his services when war with Spain was declared in 1898. Given command of a cavalry division in V Corps, he took part in the Battle of San Juan Hill and Siege of Santiago. He remained in the army until 1900.      Fast Facts: Joseph Wheeler Rank: Major General (Confederate States), Major General (United States)Service: Confederate Army, US ArmyNickname(s): Fightin Joe, Little JoeBorn: September 10, 1836 in Augusta, Georgia, USADied: January 25, 1906 in New York City, New York, USAParents: Joseph Wheeler and Julia Knox HullSpouse: Daniella Jones Sherrod (m. 1866)Children: Lucy Louise Wheeler, Annie Early Wheeler, Ella Wheeler, Julia Knox Hull Wheeler, Joseph M. Wheeler, Caroline Peyton Wheeler, Thomas Harrison WheelerConflicts: Civil War, Spanish-American WarKnown For:  Battle of Shiloh, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Knoxville Campaign, Atlanta Campaign,  March to the Sea, Battle of Bentonville,  Battle of San Juan Hill Early Life Born on September 10, 1836 in Augusta, GA, Joseph Wheeler was the son a Connecticut native who had moved south. One of his maternal grandfathers was Brigadier General William Hull who served in the American Revolution and lost Detroit during the War of 1812. Following his mothers death in 1842, Wheelers father encountered financial difficulties and moved the family back to Connecticut. Despite returning north at a young age, Wheeler always considered himself a Georgian. Raised by his maternal grandparents and aunts, he attended local schools before entering the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, CT. Seeking a military career, Wheeler was appointed to West Point from Georgia on July 1, 1854, though due to his small stature he barely met the academys height requirement. Early Career While at West Point, Wheeler proved to be a relatively poor student and graduated in 1859 ranked 19th in a class of 22. Commissioned as brevet second lieutenant, he was posted to the 1st US Dragoons. This assignment proved brief and later that year he was ordered to attend the US Cavalry School at Carlisle, PA. Completing the course in 1860, Wheeler received orders to join the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen (3rd US Cavalry) in the New Mexico Territory. While in the Southwest, he took part in campaigns against the Native Americans and earned the nickname Fighting Joe. On September 1, 1860, Wheeler received a promotion to second lieutenant. Joining the Confederacy As the Secession Crisis began, Wheeler turned his back on his northern roots and accepted a commission as a first lieutenant in the Georgia state militia artillery in March 1861. With the beginning of the Civil War the following month, he officially resigned from the US Army. After brief service at Fort Barrancas near Pensacola, FL, Wheeler was promoted to colonel and given command of the newly-formed 19th Alabama Infantry. Taking command at Huntsville, AL, he led the regiment at the Battle of Shiloh the following April as well as during the Siege of Corinth. Back to the Cavalry In September 1862, Wheeler was shifted back to the cavalry and given command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade in the Army of Mississippi (later Army of Tennessee). Moving north as part of General Braxton Braggs campaign into Kentucky, Wheeler scouted and raided in front of the army. During this period, he incurred the enmity of Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest after Bragg reassigned the bulk of the latters men to Wheelers command. Taking part in the Battle of Perryville on October 8, he aided in screening Braggs withdrawal after the engagement. A Quick Rise For his efforts, Wheeler was promoted to brigadier general on October 30. Given command of the Second Corps, Army of Tennessees cavalry, he was wounded in a skirmish in November. Quickly recovering, he raided into the rear of Major General William S. Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland in December and continued to harass the Union rear during the Battle of Stones River. After Braggs retreat from Stones River, Wheeler earned fame for a devastating attack on the Union supply base at Harpeth Shoals, TN on January 12-13, 1863. For this he was promoted to major general and received the thanks of the Confederate Congress. With this promotion, Wheeler was given command of a cavalry corps in the Army of Tennessee. Embarking on a raid against Fort Donelson, TN in February, he again clashed with Forrest. To prevent future conflicts, Bragg ordered Wheelers corps to guard the armys left flank with Forrests defended the right. Wheeler continued to operate in this capacity during the summers Tullahoma Campaign and during the Battle of Chickamauga. In the wake of the Confederate victory, Wheeler conducted a massive raid through central Tennessee. This caused him to miss the Battle of Chattanooga in November. Corps Commander After supporting Lieutenant General James Longstreets unsuccessful Knoxville Campaign in late 1863, Wheeler returned to the Army of Tennessee, now led by General Joseph E. Johnston. Overseeing the armys cavalry, Wheeler ably led his troopers against Major General William T. Shermans Atlanta Campaign. Though outnumbered by the Union cavalry, he won several victories and captured Major General George Stoneman. With Sherman nearing Atlanta, Johnston was replaced in July by Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. The following month, Hood directed Wheeler to take the cavalry to destroy Shermans supply lines. Departing Atlanta, Wheelers corps attacked up the railroad and into Tennessee. Though far-ranging, the raid did little meaningful damage and deprived Hood of his scouting force during the decisive stages of the struggle for Atlanta. Defeated at Jonesboro, Hood evacuated the city at the beginning of September. Rejoining Hood in October, Wheeler was ordered to remain in Georgia to oppose Shermans March to the Sea. Though clashing with Shermans men on numerous occasions, Wheeler was unable to prevent their advance to Savannah. In early 1865, Sherman embarked on his Carolinas Campaign. Joining a reinstated Johnston, Wheeler aided in attempting to block the Union advance. The next month, Wheeler may have been promoted to lieutenant general, however debate exists as to whether he was confirmed in this rank. Placed under the command of Lieutenant General Wade Hampton, Wheelers remaining cavalry took part in the Battle of Bentonville in March. Staying in the field after Johnstons surrender in late April, Wheeler was captured near Conyers Station, GA on May 9 while attempting to cover President Jefferson Davis escape. Spanish-American War Briefly held at Fortress Monroe and Fort Delaware, Wheeler was permitted to return home in June. In the years after the war, he became a planter and lawyer in Alabama. Elected to the US Congress in 1882 and again in 1884, he remained in office until 1900. With the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Wheeler volunteered his services to President William McKinley. Accepting, McKinley appointed him a major general of volunteers. Taking command of the cavalry division in Major General William Shafters V Corps, Wheelers force included Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelts famed Rough Riders. Arriving in Cuba, Wheeler scouted ahead of Shafters main force and engaged the Spanish at Las Guasimas on June 24. Though his troops took the brunt of the fighting, they forced the enemy to continue their retreat towards Santiago. Falling ill, Wheeler missed the opening parts of the Battle of San Juan Hill, but rushed to the scene when the fighting began to take command. Wheeler led his division through the Siege of Santiago and served on the peace commission after the citys fall. Later Life Returning from Cuba, Wheeler was dispatched to the Philippines for service in the Philippine-American War. Arriving in August 1899, he led a brigade in Brigadier General Arthur MacArthurs division until early 1900. During this time, Wheeler was mustered out of the volunteer service and commissioned as a brigadier general in the regular army. Returning home, he was given an appointment as a brigadier general in the US Army and placed in command of the Department of the Lakes. He remained in this post until his retirement on September 10, 1900. Retiring to New York, Wheeler died on January 25, 1906 after a protracted illness. In recognition of his service in the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Uncovering the blind spot article Research Paper

Uncovering the blind spot article - Research Paper Example 2). The process of solving a problem, for example, involves generative and analytical approach for understanding available solutions and their consequences before identifying the best alternative. The definition of critical thinking that include a reflective approach also corresponds to Scharmer’s elements of generative listening and the U theory of understanding inner environment towards informed decisions and actions (Marquis and Huston, 2009). The article therefore establishes a strategy for understanding a leader’s inner environment towards effective leadership and decisions for solving existing problems. I for example, though subconsciously, applied the U theory to avert a work boycott by my team due to unmet demands by my organization’s management. While the team had complained about poor work conditions and demanded management’s intervention, the concerns were ignored. The team then met one morning and decided to boycott duty until their concerns were addressed. As the team leader, I isolated myself, analyzed the situation, and decided to persuade the team against the boycott and to outline to them the most appropriate strategy for solving the problem, an approach that averted the boycott. The article’s authors identify a transition from the traditional organizational structure in which communication followed bureaucratic processes and initiated communication barriers across levels in organizations. Based on the authors’ research, the traditional approach is rarely used and its application bears little success as compared to the new informal communication model that organizations are currently implementing. The authors further concludes that a shift from the traditional communication model is necessary due to emerging factors such as globalization, technological advancement, and new approaches to value creation and customers relation. Implementing the new communication model

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

@the most important political fact of the nineteenth century in Europe Essay

@the most important political fact of the nineteenth century in Europe was the growth of nationalism.' (M.S.Anderson. Discuss with reference to at least 3 major - Essay Example However, nationalism became increasingly identified with conservative elements and clashed with new ideologies such as socialism. Nationalist sentiments among nation-states turned to the acquisition of territory and prestige which led them to imperial adventurism. Nationalism had much to do with the outbreak of World War I. The defeat of the Axis powers after the Great War also saw the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. Many of their former territories became independent nations through treaties after the war, and the Paris Peace Conference firmly placed the principle of national self-determination and equality among nations (Columbia Encyclopedia). Napoleon was the dominating force in Europe by the end of the 18th century. The French emperor created the Confederation of the Rhine which grouped the individual German states bringing them together for the first time. This conglomeration of formerly separate states brought about a rise in nationalism which started in the northern states. After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Leipzig by Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria, this Confederation also collapsed. Napoleon’s defeat brought about the beginning of the Congress of Vienna which was formed to restore the balance of power in Europe and ensure that France would be unable to once again expand beyond its pre-war boundaries. The countries who participated in Leipzig were the principal players in the Congress of Vienna. Lands which formerly formed part of the French Empire were partitioned among the victorious powers. Prussia traded the Grand Duchy of Warsaw for Saxony with Russia. The other powers became anxious w ith the growing power of Prussia, and so it agreed to take only two-fifths of Saxony to prevent the formation of a coalition against it by the other powers. The Coalition then created the German Confederation which was similar to the Confederation of the Rhine, under the leadership of Austria. The four

Monday, November 18, 2019

International politics, Movie Analysis Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International politics, Analysis - Movie Review Example They should have known that for monistic states, the international law that protects humanity is directly translated and incorporated into the national law and should be applicable (Bradley 1). Moreover, the truth is that the judges should have known better and understood international law since they were already educated adults by the time Hitler was rising into power (Bradley 1). These judges during the Hitler’s regime were bounded by the love for their country. This is shown in the movie when Hitler announced that all Jews would be destroyed, they as judges who knew the law also stood down (Bradley 1). The truth of the fact is that the outcome of this military tribunal was very important. It was a test case to show that national and international law against humanity is powerful and applicable to anyone. It will send a strong message to all government officials whose work is to enforce the law to do so with international law appealing before making final verdict against the accused (Bradley 1). There was need to value for human life as a judge (Bradley 1). According to the movie, the judges had sentenced 99 people to life imprisonment and there was not a single one who was serving the trial. This calls for the pardon granted to them by the military tribunal that had been formed to explore the crimes committed against humanity during the Hitler regime. The military tribunal was specifically formed to try top war criminals, political and military leaders of the third Reich (Bradley 1). The tribunal operated under the Control Council Law No.10 at the US Nuremberg Military tribunals (Bradley 1). In summary at the end of the movie, judge Janning confessed after being found guilty that as Judges of the time they had no idea that mass execution would erupt as a result of their ruling (Bradley 1). He also confessed to have realized for the

Friday, November 15, 2019

Holy Orders Church

Holy Orders Church Holy Orders refer to the sacrament through which Christians receive the authority and love to execute the holy duties of bishops, priests, and ministers of the Church. Christ selected and designed the first Apostles and bishops. Marriage is the Sacrament in which the family is established. The people who receive this great Sacrament end up becoming husband and wife. They are given grace to feel affection for each other and to rise up offspring to God 1. They become husband and wife until bereavement. Several individuals have been concerned with the understanding of the sacraments of holy matrimony and the holy orders in the churchs contemporary theology. For instance The Catholic custom educates that sacraments are an outward signs, incidents that are clear in our understanding, of the unseen truth of Gods grace in our lives, which is practiced only indirectly by its consequence on our lives. And the customary lessons go further. Not only do sacraments spot the approaching of grace with a noticeable symbol, but they bring about the realism of refinement by the means they connect us to the person of Jesus Christ present in the society which is his house of worship. In the case of the sacraments of occupation this is clear in the way these sacraments begin individuals into a duty, a service, in the church society. Since the outcome of the sacraments is connected to the outer symbol, which should be as comprehensible and fluent as possible. To a great level the society itself is constitutive of the symbol, and is thus vital in calling forward the gifts of the occupation in which each individual is well-known and established in each sacrament of occupation. The Bible pioneers us to a widespread custom of sacramental movement. For example the Hebrew Scriptures do not utilize any phrase that we would interpret as sacrament, but portray acts of worship base on representation. The most significant of these is the Passover festivity, but there are many others 2. However, in the New Testament Jesus built on these obtainable customs of worship, as well as on the narratives and descriptions of the Scriptures in his events and in his teachings. Consequently, the sacraments we rejoice in nowadays are all developed from these events and teachings of Jesus. That is why we refer to Matrimony Holy Orders as the sacraments of occupation, a statement that originates from the Latin for call. Meaning that, all of us are called by God. As a matter of fact, we are called at different levels, and increasingly all through our lives, we are called into existence, into human self-respect and accountability, and into certain associations, societies and tasks. Most significantly ,we are called into an cherished spiritual union with God that does not come as expected but must be required and refined within the grace, or a particular outreach, of God. The rites of marriage and priesthood are examined from theological, historical and structural point of view. The complementary offices and responsibilities in the house of worship are differentiated and explained. The pastoral ministry of the ordained is viewed in its ecclesiological context and purpose, with concentration given to a suitable understanding of rank. Special concentration is provided to the sacrament of matrimony, a theology of sexuality, and the association between matrimony and celibacy.The Christian perception is that, despite the fact all of the complex human tradition of disputes and competitions, maltreatment and unfairness, chauvinism and eliminations, matrimony in the grace of Christ are redemptive. They are authorized to exceed all the troubles and to make families and relationships all over the community that bring health and completeness and pleasure both within their individual family circle and in the wider society. This too is a necessary part of building the church, the society of the believers of Jesus. This also is a sacrament of occupation, of the passion to build up the church that contributes in the work of salvation. The sacraments of priesthood and matrimony are headed towards individual redemption and the building of the People of God 3. In the early existence of the Church, believers were encouraged to get married to other believers and bring up their off springs according to the illustration presented by Jesus; the matrimony was celebrated as a public issue and was not ruled by Church sacramental rules. It was not until the 12th century that matrimony was being recognized as a sacrament by Church theologians, although from around four hundred CE Church leaders started their participation in the rite of marriage. In the sacrament of matrimony, viewed by the Church as symbolizing and dividing the secrecy of the harmony and true love between Christ and the Church, Married couples are to develop in the alertness that their calling is one of assisting one another, in Godliness, in their matrimonial life and in the bringing up the children. This is viewed that, the birth of off springs that may lead to marriage of believers, and the baptism of these children, helps the People of God, the Body of Christ, to be enabled throughout the centuries. From earlier periods Christian marriage has been seen as being fixed in the notion and realism of self-gift, with this gifting of oneself entirely to the other reflecting the actuality of God, Married partners, together with all people of the Body of Christ, are sustained and reinforced in their vocation through the welcome of the Eucharist. The meaning the Church places on the Eucharist in the blessing of matrimony can be viewed in the Catechism where it states: It is thus proper that the partners should seal their approval to offer themselves to one another through submission of their individual lives by joining it to the offering of Christ that is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice, and by getting the Eucharist so that, speaking in the similar Body and the similar Blood of Christ, they may form one body of Christ. However, during earlier periods in the house of worship, coordination of leadership developed to assist the society live its life in the way they felt Jesus identified them to. Finally this offered increase to a number of offices, bishop, presbyter, deacon, which needed a ceremony of ordination so as to complete that office It is about two fifteen CE, with the Apostolic custom of Hippolytus that the house of worship is capable of tracing the original existing rite of ordination, providing a clear sign of the earliest reality and performance of ordination. When we perceive the complementarily of these sacraments of occupation, we are observing the house of worship in a manner that may be new and thus seems odd. Some may even imagine that this is a more Protestant method of observing our Christian being collectively and at the nature and purpose of the house of worship. So far this organic means of viewing the house of worship and our positions inside it is built right into our sacramental performance and our theology of the sacraments. In addition, essentially and theologically there is no shared exceptionality between the sacraments of Matrimony Holy Orders. Though the present regulation of the Catholic Church needs celibacy of its priests, that has not all time and all over been so. An individual can be named to assist in the building up of the body of the risen Christ, which is the society of followers, in two ways. He can be the one to bring the society collectively in Eucharist as well as being one of individuals who build up the society family by family in weaving the redemptive relations. The two sacraments of occupation, similar to the entire sacraments, are not just celebrations that occur in a given moment and then are history 4. They are ongoing and continuously unfolding the truth in our existence as we remain heading towards full salvation and change that move us towards redemption, which is our correct connection with God and thus with one another. The main fundamental calling of a believer is the call into discipleship of Jesus in a society of disciples. Thus the main fundamental sacrament of calling is in fact baptism, or more precisely initiation which is celebrated in first Eucharist, Confirmation, and Baptism. It initiates an individual into the membership and life of the house of worship. Therefore, the solemn festivity simultaneously of the heavenly invitation, of the reply of the person, and of the welcome of the society which is both the local meeting of followers of Jesus, and the great general People of God, the international church. Nothing is actually superior or closer in the association we have with our maker than the grace and vocation of baptism. However, that vocation expressed by baptism, that calling of the baptized, plays out in different ways for different individuals. Amongst our 7 sacramental celebrations, we recognize this by a series of festivities shared by all, and by 2 festivities focused on the 2 crucial ways in which the church as society of salvation in the world is built up. And these 2 are usually identified as the sacraments of vocation. The Catholic Churchs point of view concerning marriage was considerably customized by the 2nd Vatican convention. The congress adopts an amazingly individuality position which talk of the marriage covenant that is conserved by a permanent personal approval. Despite the fact that they do not make the other ends of nuptials of less value, the true perform of conjugal love, and the scenery of family life which results from it, tend to organize the partners to courageously cooperate with the love of the maker and redeemer who through them they develop and improve their own families. Reliable married love is taken up into godly love and is enhanced by the redemptive supremacy of Christ and the salvation act of the Church. The new prominence in the religion of marriage is reliable with the allegiance of modern sociology that this age people marry and stay in marriage because of their love for each other. Moreover there is the emphasis on the common swap of love comprising the sacrament of marriage, on marital love as the basis of the body of marriage, on the necessity for development in this love to receive the sacrament to its full comprehension, and on the requirement for the Church to continuously bring forth the observers worth of this sacrament to the entire community of belief. As two people are called to be truthful, kind, and polite in fulfillment of their marriage covenant to each other, hence the whole Church is called to be truthful to its agreement with God in Christ. The need of faith dedication for the sacrament of marriage is also emphasized. Marriage is not a ceremony whereby two people are lawfully bound together 5. Marriage as a sacrament is an act of reverence, and expression of trust, an indication of the unity of the Church and mode of the presence of Christ. The whole consummation of marriage is more than a genetic act. The previous theology and the canon rule emphasized that a marriage amid two baptized Christians, once they are executed in accordance to the ritual of the Church and once accomplished by a particular act of physical union, can never be disbanded, not even by the pope. The expression of the mutual love according to the council which is at the emotion of the sacrament comprises of more than biological unification. It engages the good of the whole personality. Consequently it can enhance the expressions of body and psyche with a unique self-respect, making it possible for these terms as special component and signs of friendship classic marriage. The broader ecclesial element of the sacrament is maintained. Christian spouse in virtue of the sacrament of marriage implies that the ambiguity of that unification and successful love that is there between Christ and the Church. The Catholic marriage which is also known as matrimony is a permanent union involving a man and a woman, formed by human agreement and approve by godly grace. It is among the seven sacraments and is normally celebrated in a matrimony Mass 5. The covenant necessitate that the two parties be one woman and one man and they be free to get married, that they enthusiastically and consciously enter into a suitable marriage agreement, and that they faithfully implement the performance of the agreement. From the viewpoint of the Catholic Church, the circumstances for a sacramental marriage, both the man and the woman ought to be baptized, capable of marrying and unreservedly approval to the marriage. The Church in general offers classes some months prior to marriage so as to assist the participants inform their approval. All through or prior to this time, partner to be are confirmed, if they have previously not received authorization and it can be completed devoid of grave trouble. The Church has more necessities for the form of vows, which is the canonical form. Unless dispensed, the canonical type of marriage should be followed. The partaker in a marriage agreement should be free to get married, and to tie the knot. They ought to be a single man and woman, with no hurdles as lay down out by Canon law, the partaker should plan marriage. It is consent that creates marriage in the Catholic Church. Approval consists in a human being act by which the associates equally give themselves to one another. The approval should be a free act of the will of the parties consenting, free of force or grave external fault. If there is no freedom, the approval is null. A Catholic church marriage cannot be formed if one the following obstacle are given, some of these dispensation may include Ancestral and permanent Impotence, Consanguinity to the fourth security line, including lawful adoption to the second security line, relationship by marriage, for example a sister-in-law in the direct line, previous relationship, Holy guidelines, continuous vows of chastity in a spiritual organization, difference of religious group 6, The ministers of matrimony stresses that husband and wife should realistically implement the marriage agreement. In the tradition Roman Catholic, the spouses are unstated to confer marriage on each other. The partners, as minister of elegance, obviously confer upon each other the sacrament of marriage and expressing their approval to the church. Conclusion The Sacraments of Christian faith includes Holy Orders and Matrimony. They are established so that the receiver may devote themselves toward the salvation of others. They also contribute to the deliverance of the receiver, but only for the reason that the recipients work for the salvation of others. For the Christian to receive Holy Orders generally, it is essential that he be a baptized male, and, in the case of grown up that he be acting on his own free will. Licit reception entails that the candidate be capable according to canon rules and that he be free from all obstructions. All guidelines are normally awarded by bishops; but the abbots also have the authority of conferring tonsure and slight orders on their own subjects. Reference Buitendag, J. (2007). Matrimony in the teachings of Martin Luther, worldly yet holy: an alternative between secularism and clericalism. Bausch, W. (1998). The original appearance of the Sacraments: Mystic. Duffy, R. (1990). Eucharist in Oxford Dictionarys Christian Church, New York: Oxford Press. Giles, D. (2002). The Sacraments, Franciscan University: Steubenville. Klein, G. and Wolfe R. (1998) Pastoral basics of the Sacraments: A Catholic viewpoint, New York: Paulist. Williams, G. (1979). The Sacramental existence: An Orthodox Christian viewpoint, (3rd ed.), freedom: St. John of Kronstadt Press

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Anne Robert Jaques Turgot and His Relevance to the French Revolution :: essays research papers fc

Introduction Anne Robert Jaques Turgot, baron l' Aulne, was born in Paris on May 10, 1727 to a noble French family of Normandy. Following in the footsteps of his ancestors, who had furnished the state with numerous public officials, Turgot would achieve public renown as Intendent of Limoges and later as Controller General of all France. Although Turgot ended his public career in unfortunate circumstances, being dismissed by Louis XVI for ineffectiveness, his political theories became a major influence in the remaining years of the Old Regime. The depth of Turgot’s economic thought was not recognized at the time because it largely went against what the ruling aristocracy wanted to hear. His clairvoyance is much more fully noted in light of the last two centuries. Furthermore, Turgot was one of the King’s last controller-generals before the French Revolution ended the monarchy. When his political and economic ideals are considered against this backdrop their importance as well as thei r contradictory nature become apparent. Turgot's main contribution to economic theory is his Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Riches. Apart from this short but highly systematic account of the nature of economic development, Turgot's other relevant writings are sparse and far from cohesive. Since this paper will consider his economics with regard to his political thought, only Turgot’s theories on the nature of government influence, free trade, and taxes will be examined. Furthermore, an explanation of Turgot’s theory on administration will be provided. In gaining an understanding of Turgot’s political and economic thought a powerful example of the problems that manifested themselves in the revolution is provided. Turgot was the model of an enlightened, reform-minded administrator and this may be glimpsed in the liberality of his economic ideas. However, while he certainly advised reforms in administration, they were simply intended so that the King could more effectively centralize pol itical power. Laissez-Faire and Free Trade: As a young man Turgot was very close to Claude Marie Vincent, the Marquis de Gournay. Vincent was not only a friend but also Turgot's mentor in economics and administration. It is in tribute to Vincent that after his death Turgot developed his ideas on laissez-faire government in a paper called, the "Elegy to Gournay" (1759). Within this paper Turgot condemns the foolishness of mercantilist regulation of industry while expounding the benefits of free domestic and foreign trade following from the presence of free exchange. In a detailed analysis of the market process, Turgot writes that self-interest is the prime mover in the market process and that in a free market the individual interest must always coincide with the general interest.