Relation between The Bell Curve and Racial Genetics essays

Connection between The Bell Curve and Racial Genetics papers While strolling the way of life, voyagers must ask themselves whether they were ordain to walk a predetermined course laid before them, or if their environmental factors subliminally direct them liberated from destiny. Fate is an intriguing idea; it is foreordained at this point ordinarily it can't be demonstrated or anticipated. Be that as it may, different uses of fate can be anticipated. One such thought that applies this feeling of fate is The Bell Curve. The contention of The Bell Curve proposes that relying on the race of an individual they are inclined to having either a lower than normal or higher than normal Intelligence Quotient otherwise called I.Q. This Intelligence Quotient shows an individual's psychological capacities comparative with others of the equivalent or distinctive ethnicity and comparative age gathering. Everybody has several particular mental capacities, whenever estimated precisely can be utilized as dependable indicators of scholastic and monetary achievem ent. In America today, you are greatly improved off knowing a youngster's I.Q. score than her folks' salary or instruction in the event that you need to anticipate whether she will drop out of secondary school. as indicated by Race, Genes and I.Q, an Apologia article. The idea that I.Q. scores are influenced by race and ethnicity is exceptionally bolstered. Be that as it may, ethnic contrasts in estimated intellectual capacity have been found since knowledge tests were imagined. The fight over the importance of these distinctions is to a great extent answerable for the present discussion over insight testing itself. (Herrnstein and Murray, 1994) The recommendation that race and ethnicity decides I.Q scores exceptionally challenged all through the science network. There are innumerable online sites, banter meetings, and influential works that have handled this subject head on. They contradict The Bell Curve because of its supremacist roots and counter those convictions with their own hypothesis of how I.Q. is created. Indeed, even right up 'til today individuals are as yet questioning the conc... <!

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Paper - Essay Example every one of the factors is numeric in nature, most piece of the discoveries included the utilization of tables and diagrams despite the fact that the emotional clear examination of the discoveries kept up the study’s subjective nature. Information was gathered by first estimating the defilement discernment file of Spain. This gave a general thought of the degree of defilement in the nations. The defilement observation record was then contrasted with every one of the monetary factors, which likewise fill in as indicators of financial downturn. Results from the examination have affirmed that debasement negatively affects two of the factors to be specific GDP development rate and family unit salary. The different elements related with the event of defilement makes it the impact of debasement on the economy shifting. In general, it tends to be said that the more far reaching instances of debasement inside a given economy is, the bigger the impact that will be felt. It is against this foundation that financial experts have for since quite a while ago looked to build up the relationship that exists among debasement and monetary advancement. To the extent the connection among defilement and financial advancement is concerned, conclusions remain to a great extent isolated in both hypothesis and rule. While some observe a potential concurrence among defilement and advancement (Kang 59), other way of thinking contends that debasement and improvement can't exist together and that debasement is the greatest hindrance to monetary improvement of a nation (Keefer and Knack79). There are in reality some radical business analysts who place that in addition to the fact that corruption acts as an impediment to monetary advancement that defilement could be a key issue prompting financial downturn. Realizing that monetary downturn is a time of business cycle withdrawal and stoppage in financial action (Werlin 782), one would consider debasement to be an intense ulcer with the more terrible weighty financial impacts. However, until there is some degree of observational research that legitimizes the connection between

The most important lessons Catholic school principals should draw from Essay

The most significant exercises Catholic school principals should draw from the historical backdrop of Catholic Church - Essay Example The principals ought to comprehend that the most significant assignment of any Catholic School is to keep up nonstop quality of the schools. The historical backdrop of Catholic Church gives out the significant exercises that the principals ought to know. Such exercises are; the school ought to be continued by gospel witness, have heavenly crucial vision, established on Christianity, vivified by fellowship and network, and loaded up with Catholic principals all through. This article gives a layout of all these five significant exercises that Catholic School Head educators ought to be recognizable. Otherworldly Vision The Catholic Church terms training as the way toward changing kids to focus on paradise. The significant reason for Catholic Church training is to teach understudies to be productive members of society and God-dreading ones. Hence, the Schools’ Principals ought to guarantee that they produce residents who have great ethics and follow the desire of Almighty. Catholic Schools, not at all like different establishments, for example, Government, business, and media, which see training as an instrument for securing data to understudies to improve their expectation for everyday comforts and odds of common achievement, Catholic Churches’ vision of instruction is to assist understudy with improving their ethical practices, be God cherishing, and become holy people of the world to come. Christian Anthropology Foundation The Catholic Churches underlines on Supernatural predetermination of understudies implying that schools should consummate all understudies to turn out to be acceptable pictures of God. The Catholic history portrays that graces relies upon the idea of the individuals. Along these lines, the Principals ought to know that Catholic School instructors ought to have the option to comprehend the human individual. The instructors ought to have both characteristic and extraordinary intensity of flawlessness of the understudies under their consideration (Stewart, 2008:212). In any case, the Catholic history underscores on schools instructive way of thinking based on a legitimate comprehension of what human individual is. All the Catholic School instructors should show his exercises with Christianity idea. Subsequently, Catholic Schools, not at all like other state funded schools isn't an industrial facility of instructing abilities to satisfy the expertise necessity for business and industry, and must be established on Christian Anthropology. Vivified on Communion and Community According to Catholic History, a school is a network of people and confidence. Because of this accentuation, Catholic Schools are unique in relation to government funded schools and roots to the idea of individual and church reality. Accordingly, catholic schools are instructive network. Schools' Principals ought to know that Catholic schools are as a network as per the congregation Council (Stewart, 2008:121). The element of this networ k is a philosophical discernment instead of sociological gathering. Catholic History characterizes school in four regions: collaboration of the included, instructors and bishops’ participation, educator students’ cooperation, and physical condition of the school. The chief ought to guarantee that the school clings to every one of these perspectives for a smooth running of the schools. Schools ought to be constantly saturated with Catholic Worldview One of the key components of a Catholic school is the pervasion of Catholicism soul all through its educational plan. As indicated by Catholic history, the reason for instruction in school is to consummate development of the understudies. Training has the principle reason for creating students’ capacity by improving their physical, mental, moral norms, and strict abilities (Stewart, 2008:293). All together for the school to create fundamental understudies, it must have gospel direction. Subsequently, the principals ou ght to guarantee tha

Essay on On the Genealogy of Morality - 1200 Words

Friedrich Nietzsche’s â€Å"On the Genealogy of Morality† includes his theory on man’s development of â€Å"bad conscience.† Nietzsche believes that when transitioning from a free-roaming individual to a member of a community, man had to suppress his â€Å"will to power,† his natural â€Å"instinct of freedom†(59). The governing community threatened its members with punishment for violation of its laws, its â€Å"morality of customs,† thereby creating a uniform and predictable man (36). With fear of punishment curtailing his behavior, man was no longer allowed the freedom to indulge his every instinct. He turned his aggressive focus inward, became ashamed of his natural animal instincts, judged himself as inherently evil, and developed a bad conscience (46).†¦show more content†¦Man’s development of â€Å"bad conscience† is a complicated process that sees its beginnings in slave morality’s doubling of the doer and the deed. According to Nietzsche, the slave (the weaker man) had developed ressentiment towards the noble (the stronger man), labeling the noble as evil and blaming him for slave’s suffering (20-22). The slave separated the noble (the doer) from his instinctive actions (the deeds) and claimed the noble possessed â€Å"free will;† the slave believed â€Å"the strong are free to be weak† (26). The slave set up the ideal of his own weak and passive instincts being â€Å"good† and the strong and active instincts of the nobles being â€Å"evil† (26-27). As stated by JHarden, when defining his weakness as good, â€Å"the slave turned [his] natural condition of suffering at the hands of others into a condition which should be desired† (JHarden). As religions developed, and the slave morality became dominant, this ideal of good and evil prevailed and forced man to become conscious of his instincts as separate from himself, something he cou ld control. In Nietzsche’s account, the original free-roaming man lacked memory. To be happy and to not hold on to the pain of unpleasant memories, man possessed an â€Å"active ability† to forget (36). Man’s memory developed as he formed relationships and began making promises to repay debts to his creditors. He had to remember to repay on time or face the pain of punishment – a pain that the creditor of this relationship tookShow MoreRelatedThe Book On The Genealogy Of Morality1423 Words   |  6 Pageswork, but the connection between them is discussed best in his book On the Genealogy of Morality. The first of the three essays outlines two alternate structures for the creation of values, which is credited to masters and the other to slaves. These two structures are controlled by different intangible themes. The first is ‘good/bad’ in terms of master morality and the second is ‘evil/good’ in terms of the slave morality. Noble classes and races, according to Nietzsche, started by defining theirRead MoreIn essay two of Nietzsche’s ‘On the Genealogy of Morality’, ‘Guilt’, ‘bad conscience’ and related700 Words   |  3 PagesIn essay two of Nietzsche’s ‘On the Genealogy of Morality’, ‘Guilt’, ‘bad conscience’ and related matters, Nietzsche seeks to explore the origins and constructs of guilt and in doing so, presents us with an account where the concept of guilt has been misconstrued by the evolution of society. This very shift in our understanding of guilt has subsequently led to, what Nietzsche claims to be, â€Å"bad conscience†. To understand this evolution of guilt and the entity of â€Å"bad co nscience† it is necessary toRead More Exegesis and Critique of Nietzsche’s Conception of Guilt In The Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morality2429 Words   |  10 PagesExegesis and Critique of Nietzsche’s Conception of Guilt In The Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morality In the Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morals (titled â€Å"â€Å"Guilt,† â€Å"Bad Conscience,† and the Like†), Nietzsche formulates an interesting conception of the origin and function of guilt feelings and â€Å"bad conscience.† Nietzsche’s discussion of this topic is rather sophisticated and includes sub-arguments for the ancient equivalence of the concepts of debt and guilt and the existence of anRead MoreExamining Good and Bad Conscience in Friedrich Nietzsches Genealogy of Morals1625 Words   |  7 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche is recognized for being one of the most influential German philosophers of the modern era. He is known for his works on genealogy of morality, which is a way to study values and concepts. In Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche mentions that values and concepts have a history because of the many different meanings that come with it. Nietzsche focused on traditional ethical theories, especially those rooted in reli gion. Not being a religious man, he believed that human lifeRead MoreMaster Morality vs. Slave Morality: Neiztche867 Words   |  4 PagesMaster Morality vs. Slave Morality: Neiztche Wikipedia defines morality as â€Å"a system of principles and judgments based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which humans determine whether given actions are right or wrong.† (Wikipedia Morality) Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, a German philosopher thought up of the idea that there are two moralities; The master and slave morality. These define a person by there actions to there world around them and how they handle certainRead MoreMorality And The Origins Of Morality852 Words   |  4 PagesNietzsche understands â€Å"morality† as the set of values typical of the European society of his days. In this sense, it is safe to say that Nietzsche opposes morality and that genealogy serves the ultimate goal of undermining it. However, it is legitimate to envision for genealogy a scope for application which goes beyond the particular morality of 19th century Germans. Accordingly, my claim is that in Nietzsche European morality represents ju st one possible form of morality. Nietzsche himself seemsRead MoreChristian Morality Has Become A Tale Of Shame930 Words   |  4 Pages According to Nietzsche genealogy of Christian morality has become a tale of shame – wherein the weak promote the propagation of a lie and foster a mistaken explanation for suffering. By overlooking the will to power that occurs naturally in all the people, Christianity cages, and dulls the will preventing it from expressing itself. This in turn creates problems by removing the individual’s ability to master their own life – turning them into puppets under the guidance of the government. From theRead MoreMost Of The Times Nietzsche Understands And Uses The Word744 Words   |  3 Pagesand uses the word morality as the set of values and ideals typical of Christian western society. In this sense, it is safe to say that Nietzsche opposes morality and that genealogy serves the ultimate goal of undermining it. However, genealogy h as of course a scope for application beyond the particular morality of 19th century Germans. Accordingly, my claim is that in Nietzsche Christian-western morality represents a particular instance of a more general concept of what morality is. So for exampleRead MoreNietzsche : Genealogy Of Morals854 Words   |  4 PagesNietzsche: Genealogy of Morals going to tell us about these morals that will show us that what we do is more about those humanly principles rather than legal principle? Nietzsche: Genealogy of Morals is consisted of 3 essays about morals. I will be talking and summarizing the first essay that he wrote for the Genealogy of Morals. Nietzsche expresses his dissatisfaction with certain English psychologists. He s not too happy with them because they try to explain the origin or morality and claim toRead MoreThe Dependency On God s Opinion Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesAdditionally, while it makes sense that punishment is given to those who fail to pay their debts back to their creditors, many people now will shy away from the idea of cruelty despite the fact that â€Å"making-suffer felt good†¦ a true festival† (Genealogy of Morality, 41). Suffering is still necessary to teach and bind others to obligation, which is another reason why the concept of a god is quite readily accepted – said god/creditor will be the audience to human suffering. When our inherent sense of indebtedness

The Issue Of Public Policy - 1396 Words

In any society, governmental entities enact laws, make policies, and allocate resources. Public policy can be generally defined as a law systems, strict measures, courses of action, and funding issues that about a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives. Abortion is one issue that has been a matter of subject in government and citizens concerning its public policy. Over years the government has made decisions concerning the policy towards abortions in the United States of America. Abortion plays a major role in public policy on the issue of whether or not it is a public decision or a woman’s own private decision. In certain views of citizens in the United States, abortion is not seen as an issue that should be banned by governmental laws. They believe that it is a private decision that should be made by a woman and her medical doctor. John M. Swomley, a Ph.D. graduate in political science, saw that â€Å"abortion per se is not morally wron g† (Swomley). He thought that this was a personal matter that should be decided by oneself or a medical examiner. The alternate to private decision is compulsory pregnancy if the government makes laws prohibiting or restricting abortions prior to the third trimester, according to John Swomley. Many cases and groups have organized as a result of the abortion issue in public policy. One case in particular is the Supreme Court decision in Roe vs. Wade in 1973. Roe, a single pregnant female, brought aShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Issues in Texas831 Words   |  3 PagesPublic Policy Issues in Texas Introduction: As the largest state by area in the continental U.S. as the second most populous, Texas has its significant share of public policy challenges with which to contend. And as the discussion hereafter will show, many of these challenges serve as a microcosm of the broader pubic policy issues facing the United States. The issues addressed here below help to provide a better understanding of the complexities of public policy maintenance in a large and diverseRead MoreImmigration Policy And Public Issues2070 Words   |  9 PagesImmigration Policy from an historical, fair and factual perspective. The Immigration Act of 1990 States limited â€Å"unskilled workers to 10,000 a year. Skilled labor requirements and immediate family reunification were major goals. The Act continued to promote the nuclear family model, foreign-born in the US was 7%†. This paper will also explore the demographics and diversity, of immigrants, throughout the U.S. This paper includes an article form the we bsite of the Washington, D.C., Immigration Policy CenterRead MoreMass Incarceration : A Public Policy Issue Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesMass incarceration became a public policy issue in the United States in the early 2010s. Now in 2016, there is still much debate over the country’s incarcerated population and incarceration rate. The nation has the highest incarcerated population in the world, with 2,217,947 inmates, in front of China with 1,649,804. America incarcerates 693 inmates per 100,000 residents, only the African island nation Seychelles incarcerates at a higher rate, with 799 for every 100,000 residents. The problem ofRead MoreThe Public Policy : The Issue Of The Federal Government1106 Words   |  5 Pagesselect few will ever make it to the policy-making agenda of the federal government. Many average American citizens will designate these problems to be addressed by the government, yet those elected officials that make policy will rarely respond to these reque sts. All of this is due to a multitude of factors that will cause an issue to be placed on the agenda that is deserving of review and action. Of the deserving problems that will acquire the attention of policy makers within the federal governmentRead MorePublic Policy Issues: Case of Keystone and House Bill 1540689 Words   |  3 Pagesthe government. Public policy is a guide for the administrative function of the state to implement laws, regulatory measures and funding priorities that will benefit the citizenry. Generally, it is embodied within macro constitutional or legislative documents and acts, and/or judicial decisions (Schuster, 2009). In our original scenarios, we are dealing with the Keystone Pipeline and House Bill 1540 as related to public policy. Because one of the basic principles of public policy is to use governmentRead MoreA person’s orientation on a political issue, specifically domestic public policies, is based on1400 Words   |  6 PagesA person’s orientation on a political issue, specifically domestic public policies, is based on political ideology. Ideology is the position or attitu de towards the government system based on freedom in particular freedom from and freedom of as well as basing upon equality particularly equality of opportunity and equality of outcome. Liberals tend to choose equality of outcome, the government ensuring equality through services, on economic issues more so than conservatives who tend to chose equalityRead MoreReentry For Inmates : A Key Policy Issue On The Public Agenda Over The Years2431 Words   |  10 PagesReentry for inmates has emerged as a key policy issue on the public agenda over the years. The leaders of state legislatives who face financial challenges have started reducing the expenditures to see whether reentry programs can reduce the prison issues. The policy makers, stakeholders, and correctional practitioners of every state discuss the importance for inmate reentry programs to help in resolving the challengers. Therefore, they have been analyzing the various proposed conceptual designsRead MorePublic Relations : The s Mission, Purpose, Strategic Plans, Structure, Policies And Current Relation Issues Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pages[FONTERRA CRISIS] PUBLIC RELATIONS ASSIGNMENT PUBLIC RELATION MAR 8087. NAME:KOTAPATI.GOPINATH REDDY ROLL NO:C2190 SUBMITING TO:NIYAZ 1Q State what Fonterra’s mission, purpose, strategic plans, structure, policies and current relation issues are. How do you think this will this affect the public relations campaign and what should be the objectives of that campaign? Vision / mission:- It’s this passion that is reflected in our vision to share dairy with the world. Around the world we wantRead MoreThe Weaknesses of Bureaucracies in Foreign Policy1786 Words   |  7 PagesThe weaknesses of bureaucracies in foreign policy Though bureaucracies offer plenty of advantages for foreign policy making, they still have various weaknesses that undermine the process. Firstly, bureaucracies always base their work on standard operation procedures or SOPs as the important factor for the process of decision making. Since the bureaucrat tasks based on SOPs, as the formal rule, are considered to be efficient. Though, SOPs can be changed when they are faced with serious problemsRead MoreThe Rational Models of Policy Process Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The rational models of policy process are compromising a mechanical process in policy making. Theoretically, the models are helping managers of public sector to manage policy issues by using rigid components of procedure that likely use in laboratory. It means the administrators in public sector will follow some sequences, such as gathering important values that related with policy issue, examining the possible outcomes of policy issue by rating those important values that already established

Chameleon free essay sample

Every so often there is a recording that transcends its category. Maynard Fergesons Chameleon is one of these. While its basically a jazz CD, the band also delves into and handles very well several different styles. The highlights include a blazing rendition of Chick Coreas La Fiesta, Stevie Wonders Livin for the City, the swing classic I Cant Get Started and the Herbie Hancock-penned title song, which demonstrates the true power a big band can have. What makes the recording so great is the fact that although the songs are diverse, they all have the same sharp, exciting sound of Fergesons big band and his famous high-note trumpet, as well as his trumpet-like Superbone. This is a disc that should appeal to pretty much any fan of music, with enough energy to convert any non-believers. The musicianship is tight and crisp; the songs are well selected and beautifully arranged. We will write a custom essay sample on Chameleon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What else could we ask for? n

William Henry Seward an Example by

William Henry Seward Early beginnings and family Born to a family of English origins as well as Welsh and Irish descent, William Henry Seward was raised in Florida, New York where he was born on May 16, 1801. His father, Samuel Sweezy Seward was a wealthy doctor and businessman who migrated to America together with wife, Mary Jennings Seward, his family in the early eighteenth century. He stood at five feet six inches in height yet he stood tall amidst friends and other people because he was a bright and charming man who befriended everyone. It was this political inclination that spurred him relentlessly to greater heights because it was here where he also excelled. It seems that politics was indeed in his blood because even if he strayed away from it, it beckoned to him ever so strongly at crucial points in his career. Even if his health bothered him at times, his father saw his potential and sent him to study at Union College, Schenectady, New York. He gave eloquent speeches that demonstrated his intelligence and desire to serve people. He delivered a speech about the certainty of slaverys destruction. Need essay sample on "William Henry Seward" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Public Office Seward was a great speaker and he traveled all around the state to stress the need for internal improvements and for reform in education. He was responsible as part of the others who were assigned, to frame New York States Free Banking Act of 1838, which was a Whig measure. He received the Whig nomination for governor in 1838. His friend Weed was responsible for that. Seward was responsible for several actions that had repercussions on the country. During the War between the States, America could only protest the French occupation of Mexico. But once the war was over, the United States sent a large force of troops to the Mexican border and Secretary of State William Seward demanded that the French troops be withdrawn. In the face of pressing political problems in Europe, Napoleon III bowed to Secretary of State Sewards demand and withdrew the French troops. Archduke Maximilian, thinking he had the support of many of the Mexican people, tried to continue his rule of Mexico without the aid of France. But he was soon deposed and executed. The United States had not specifically mentioned the Monroe Doctrine in this incident, but the principle laid forth in that doctrine had been upheld and strengthened The Purchase of Alaska During the latter part of the nineteenth century, the spirit of national expansion, which had run particularly high in the 1840s, was still very much alive in the hearts of many Americans. William Seward, secretary of state under Presidents Lincoln and Jognson, was especially anxious to see the United States expand beyond its borders. When Russia expressed interest in disposing of its possessions to the northwest of Canada, Secretary of State Seward quickly drew up a treaty providing for the purchase of Alaska for $7,200,000. However, many Americans were not convinced that buyinbg a wilderness region so far north was a wise investment. Alaska was referred to as Sewards Folly and Sewards Ice Box. After much persistence on the part of Seward, the Senate ratified the treaty in 1867. Only later was the full value of the purchase of Alaska realized. Another European power was removed from the Western Hemisphere. In addition, the United States acquired 600,000 square miles of land that pro ved to contain a vast wealth of natural resourcesfish, fur, timber, coal, gold, oil and natural gas. Alaskas resources are still being discovered and developed. On January 3, 1959, Alaska became the forty-ninth state in forty-seven years. Because of Bering Strait from the Soviet Union, it is also important today to U.S. defense. Air and naval bases there are constantly on alert for an enemy attack. The Election of 1860 The Republicans, sniffing victory and generally insensitive to the depth of southern feeling against them, met in Chicago on May 16 to nominate a presidential candidate. The initial frontrunner, Senator William Seward of New York, had two strikes against him: he had a reputation for radicalism and a record of strong opposition to the nativist movement. What a majority of the delegates wanted was a less controversial nominee who could win two or three of the northern states that had been in the Democratic column in 1856. Abraham Lincoln met their specifications: he was from Illinois, a state the Republicans needed to win: he had a more moderate image than Seward; and he had kept his personal distaste for Know-Nothingism to himself. In addition, he was a self-made man, whose rise from frontier poverty to legal and political prominence embodied the republican ideal of equal opportunity for all. After trailing Seward by a large margin on the first ballot, Lincoln picked up enough strengt h on the second to pull virtually even and was nominated on the third The platform, like the nominee, was meant to broaden the partys appeal in the North. Although a commitment to halt the expansion of slavery remained, economic matters received more attention than they had in 1856. With an eye on Pennsylvania, the delegates called for a high protective tariff; other planks included endorsement of free homesteads, which was popular in the Midwest and among working people, and federal aid for internal improvements, especially a transcontinental railroad. The platform was cleverly designed to bring most ex-Whigs into the Republican camp while also accommodating enough renegade Democrats to give the party a solid majority in the northern states Though Seward was a competent lawyer, he soon found that his chief interest was in politics. At first a young Federalist, he had a brief Van Burenite period, then became a National Republican as he settled down in Auburn. This last choice was logical. Auburn was in spirit largely National Republican, and Henry's father-in-law was an ardent follower of John Quincy Adams. He had strong beliefs about opponents of slavery. He claimed that with compensation for the economic loss, that freedom would mean the slaveholders. In the end, he sensed the growing strength and political party of the antislavery movement. In sum, Seward was a charismatic person who acted efficiently during his time, giving speeches which made him renowned all over the country. Works Cited Divine, Robert, Breen, T.H., Fredrickson, George and Williams, R. Hal. American Past and Presence. Longman publishing. Lowman, Michael, United States History. 1983. A Beka Book Publications. Van Deusen, Glyndon. The Life and Career of William Henry Seward. University of Rochester Library Bulletin.